Structured Cabling
As wiring and connection points evolved, more standardization was needed for cabling, connectors and the different types of wiring, including copper, fiber and coaxial. The American National Standards Institute and Telecommunications Industry Association set forth a series of standards, ANSI/TIA-568, to introduce guidelines for all aspects of residential and commercial building cable distribution systems.
These standards shape the structured cabling system. Structured cabling is based on six components that, together, provide a convenient, repeatable and easily implemented framework for installing telecommunications cabling.
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Entrance Facilities (EF): Telecom facilities entering a building or residence from the outside -- from a local service carrier or private network -- pass through an opening in the exterior wall via a conduit. This cabling enters a room where other devices are deployed, including network connection points, patch panels, equipment racks, hardware connectors, power supplies and protection devices for grounding, shielding and lightning protection
Equipment Room (ER):The area where entrance cabling connects to the internal building wiring infrastructure is the equipment room. It houses patch panels that provide connections for backbone cabling, horizontal cabling and intermediate cabling. As this room may also house network switches, PBXs, servers and other devices, it should be environmentally controlled to ensure that temperature and relative humidity levels are maintained according to equipment vendor specifications.
Also called riser cabling -- as it typically is installed in vertical channels, or risers, that connect to each floor -- backbone cabling links EF, telecommunications and other ERs, and carrier spaces.
Horizontal Cabling (Cabling Subsystem 1). Getting telecom resources to users at their work areas or other rooms on a floor is the job of horizontal cabling. A typical cable run goes from the user's device to the nearest TR on the same floor. The maximum allowed cable length between the TR and user device is 295 feet, regardless of cable type.
Compressed air, central vacuum, LPG, etc.